This assay detects chestnut DNA using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), a highly specific method for identifying trace amounts of tree nut material. PCR allergen testing is ideal for verifying raw material integrity, cross-contact control, and compliance with allergen labeling standards in processed foods and supplements.

DNA is extracted from the sample and amplified using chestnut-specific primers. The presence of chestnut DNA is confirmed through real-time or endpoint PCR analysis. Duplicate reactions and positive/negative controls are included to validate results and prevent false positives or negatives.

Results are reported as Detected / Not Detected, with sensitivity typically at or below 10 ppm depending on the product matrix. This method is especially useful when protein-based assays (ELISA) are not viable due to extreme processing or hydrolysis.

This test confirms the identity of chlorella — primarily Chlorella vulgaris Beyerinck and Chlorella pyrenoidosa H.Chick, unicellular green microalgae (Chlorophyta) widely used in dietary supplements — in raw materials, dried powders, and dietary supplements using High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Chlorella is one of the most commercially significant microalgae-based dietary supplements globally, valued for its high chlorophyll content, complete protein profile, and Chlorella Growth Factor (CGF). Its characteristic phytochemical profile includes chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids (lutein, β-carotene, zeaxanthin), and tocopherols. HPTLC identity testing generates a characteristic pigment-based chromatographic fingerprint that is compared against an authenticated chlorella reference standard to confirm species identity and detect potential adulteration, substitution with other microalgae (e.g., spirulina/Arthrospira spp.), or blending with non-algal plant materials.

A representative sample is accurately weighed and extracted using an appropriate solvent system (e.g., acetone or methanol) to capture the characteristic pigment profile of chlorella, including chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids. The extract is applied alongside a certified chlorella reference standard and, where applicable, potential adulterant extracts (e.g., spirulina powder, other green microalgae), onto an HPTLC silica gel plate using an automated sample applicator. The plate is developed in a validated non-polar solvent system optimized to resolve the characteristic pigment bands of chlorella, including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, lutein, and β-carotene. After development, the plate is evaluated under white light and UV light at 254 nm and 366 nm, where the characteristic green and yellow-orange pigment bands of chlorella are visualized without derivatization. The resulting fingerprint pattern — notably the presence of both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and the characteristic carotenoid profile including lutein — is compared visually and, where applicable, by densitometric analysis to the authenticated reference standard in accordance with established HPTLC identity testing guidelines.

Chlorella is subject to adulteration and species substitution, including blending with spirulina, other microalgae, or non-algal plant powders. A key distinguishing feature of chlorella relative to spirulina is the presence of both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b (spirulina contains chlorophyll a but not chlorophyll b) and a distinct carotenoid profile enriched in lutein rather than zeaxanthin. HPTLC pigment fingerprinting exploits these characteristic compositional differences to provide a discriminating identity confirmation that distinguishes authentic chlorella from spirulina and other potential substitutes. This method aligns with USP botanical identity testing guidelines and supports cGMP compliance under 21 CFR 111, ensuring that only correctly identified raw materials are used in finished products.

This assay quantifies chloride content in food products using a titration method, supporting nutritional labeling and compliance with sodium/chloride-related formulation claims. Often used alongside sodium testing to complete electrolyte profiling.

Samples are prepared in solution and titrated using silver nitrate, which reacts specifically with chloride ions. The endpoint is measured via potentiometric or indicator-based detection, ensuring precise quantification.

Results are provided in mg/kg or ppm of chloride, allowing manufacturers to verify label claims and ensure batch-to-batch consistency. High or unexpected chloride values may indicate formulation errors or mislabeling.

This test measures the total chlorogenic acids, including key caffeoylquinic acid isomers (3-CQA, 4-CQA, and 5-CQA), which are important antioxidants in plant-based raw materials and finished products. Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection, the assay quantifies these compounds to ensure ingredient potency and consistency. Results are reported in milligrams per gram (mg/g) or as a percentage of the sample weight, supporting quality control and standardization efforts.

Samples are prepared by extracting 0.5 grams of powdered material with 10 mL of 70% methanol using sonication for 30 minutes, followed by filtration. The extract is injected into an HPLC system equipped with a C18 reversed-phase column and UV detection at 325 nm. Separation of 3-CQA, 4-CQA, and 5-CQA is achieved using a gradient elution of water and acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid over 30 minutes. Quantification is performed by comparing peak areas to a calibration curve constructed from certified chlorogenic acid standards. Method accuracy is verified through duplicate injections, spiked recovery tests, and analysis of quality control samples.

Results are reported in mg/g (raw materials) or mg/serving (finished products). Testing verifies standardized potency, ensures product consistency, and supports antioxidant and functional food claims.

This assay measures chlorophyll and related chlorophyll derivatives using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The method provides accurate quantification of chlorophyll pigments, supporting quality control for plant-based and antioxidant formulations.

Samples are extracted under light-protected conditions and analyzed using validated HPLC chromatographic methods. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and potential derivatives (e.g., pheophytins) are separated and detected by UV or diode-array detection. Quantitation is performed using certified reference standards with calibration and replicate runs ensuring accuracy and reproducibility.

Testing confirms standardized potency, verifies label claims, and supports consistency in green superfood and botanical products.

This assay quantifies cholesterol content in food and supplement samples using Gas Chromatography (GC) following AOAC Official Method 976.26. It ensures compliance with nutritional labeling requirements and verifies formulation accuracy in animal-based products and fortified foods.

Samples are saponified to release cholesterol from esters, then extracted with organic solvents. The extract is analyzed by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID). Quantification is achieved using calibration curves from high-purity cholesterol standards, with duplicate runs and internal reference correction to ensure precision.

Results are reported in mg per 100 g or per serving. The values are compared with regulatory thresholds and label claims. Accurate cholesterol quantification supports transparency in nutrition facts panels and helps monitor lipid levels in dietary and functional formulations.

This assay measures chromium (Cr) using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The method provides sensitive and accurate elemental quantification across a wide range of matrices.

Samples are digested and analyzed by ICP-MS under validated conditions. Chromium is ionized in the plasma and detected by mass spectrometry. Calibration with certified reference standards and internal controls ensures accuracy and reproducibility.

Testing verifies label claims, confirms elemental purity, and supports consistent formulation and regulatory compliance.

This assay quantifies citicoline (CDP-choline), a bioavailable choline donor used in nootropic and neurological support supplements. Using HPLC, it measures citicoline content in raw materials and finished formulations to verify potency, ensure label accuracy, and detect degradation or adulteration.

Samples are extracted in aqueous or buffered solvent and analyzed by HPLC with UV detection at a compound-specific wavelength (typically ~270 nm). Quantification is performed using certified citicoline standards, with internal standard correction and duplicate injections to ensure reproducibility and accuracy.

Results are reported in mg per g or per serving. Values are compared against formulation targets and declared label claims to confirm dosing accuracy, validate standardized potency, and ensure consistency across production batches.

This test quantifies citric acid content in raw materials, powders, and finished products using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Citric acid is important for flavor enhancement, preservation, and pH regulation in formulations. The method provides precise measurement down to 0.01% concentration, supporting quality control and regulatory compliance.

Samples are prepared by dissolving a representative portion in deionized water followed by filtration to remove particulates. The extract is injected into an HPLC system equipped with a C18 reversed-phase column and detected using UV absorbance at 210 nm. Quantification is achieved by comparing peak areas to a calibration curve generated from certified citric acid reference standards. Method accuracy is verified through duplicate injections and spike recovery tests to ensure reproducibility and reliability.

Testing verifies correct formulation levels, supports quality assurance, and ensures consistent sensory and functional performance.

This assay detects and quantifies Clostridium perfringens, a spore-forming anaerobic bacterium associated with foodborne illness and contamination of protein-rich or plant-based ingredients. Testing for C. perfringens ensures product safety, particularly in powdered foods, botanicals, and digestive health supplements.

Samples are enriched and cultured under anaerobic conditions using selective media such as TSC (Tryptose Sulfite Cycloserine) agar. Suspect colonies are confirmed via biochemical tests or PCR. The method aligns with AOAC, ISO 7937, or FDA BAM protocols.

Results are reported in CFU/g. Values are compared to safety thresholds (e.g., <100 CFU/g for most food products) to verify compliance with microbiological specifications and regulatory requirements.

This assay quantifies cocoa flavonols using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The method provides accurate profiling of cocoa polyphenols to assess purity and active content.

Samples are extracted and analyzed by HPLC under validated chromatographic conditions. Major flavonol compounds—such as catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidins—are separated and detected via UV or fluorescence detection. Quantitation is performed against certified standards, with duplicate runs ensuring precision.

Results are reported as mg/g (raw material) or mg/serving (finished products). Testing verifies standardized potency in cocoa extracts, supports antioxidant and cardiovascular health claims, and ensures batch-to-batch consistency.

This assay detects and quantifies coconut protein using a validated ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). It is used to confirm the presence or absence of coconut contamination in raw materials, finished products, or manufacturing environments—critical for meeting FDA and international allergen labeling requirements.

Samples are extracted and analyzed using a coconut-specific sandwich ELISA. The method uses antibody-based colorimetric detection and quantifies results against a certified standard curve. Positive and negative controls are included to ensure accuracy and reproducibility.

Results are reported in ppm (mg/kg) of coconut protein. The method typically detects trace levels as low as 1–5 ppm depending on the product matrix, making it suitable for verifying allergen-free claims and preventing cross-contact risks.

Coliform bacteria are indicators of sanitation and possible fecal contamination in food products.

Samples are plated on coliform-specific media and incubated. Colonies are identified by color or biochemical markers and reported as CFU/g or CFU/mL.

Presence suggests inadequate sanitation or contamination during production.

This assay quantifies conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a group of omega-6 fatty acid isomers commonly found in weight management and sports nutrition supplements. Using LC-MS/MS, it verifies CLA content in oils, softgels, and powders to confirm label claims and ensure proper dosing in functional products.

Samples are extracted in organic solvent and analyzed by LC-MS/MS using isomer-specific mass transitions. Quantification is performed with certified CLA standards, internal standard correction, and duplicate injections to ensure accurate and reproducible results.

Results are reported in mg per g or per serving. Values are compared to label claims and formulation targets to confirm consistency, detect degradation, or identify formulation issues across batches.

This test quantifies copper, an essential trace mineral required for enzymatic activity, iron transport, connective tissue synthesis, and neurological function, in dietary supplements, food products, and raw materials using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Copper is a declared nutrient on supplement facts panels and must be accurately quantified to support label claim verification, raw material qualification, and cGMP compliance. Results are reported in mg or µg per serving or per gram, as applicable.

A representative sample is digested using microwave-assisted acid digestion with a nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide mixture to fully dissolve the matrix and bring all copper into solution. The digested solution is diluted to volume and analyzed by ICP-MS, where copper is detected and quantified based on its characteristic mass-to-charge ratio. Quantification is performed against a multi-point external calibration curve prepared from a certified copper reference standard, with an appropriate internal standard used to correct for matrix effects and instrument drift. Certified reference materials and method blanks are analyzed concurrently to confirm accuracy and recovery.

Copper is a required nutrient declaration on supplement facts panels when present at ≥2% of the Daily Value, and accurate quantification is essential for label compliance and consumer safety given that both deficiency and excess copper intake carry significant health risks. ICP-MS provides the sensitivity and selectivity needed to measure copper accurately across a wide range of supplement and food matrices, and its multi-element capability allows copper to be quantified efficiently as part of a broader elemental profiling panel.

This test quantifies Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) — a fat-soluble, endogenously produced compound essential for mitochondrial ATP synthesis and cellular antioxidant protection — in dietary supplements, raw materials, and finished products using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). CoQ10 is one of the most widely used ingredients in cardiovascular and energy support supplements, and accurate potency verification is critical for label claim substantiation given the significant cost of pharmaceutical-grade CoQ10 and its susceptibility to underdosing. This method is applicable to both the oxidized form (ubiquinone) and, with appropriate method adaptation, the reduced form (ubiquinol). Results are reported as a percentage or in milligrams per serving.

A representative sample is accurately weighed and extracted using an organic solvent such as ethanol, hexane, or a methanol/isopropanol mixture, with sonication to ensure complete dissolution of the lipophilic CoQ10. The extract is filtered through a 0.2 µm membrane and analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC on a C18 column, with UV or Electrochemical (ECD) detection at approximately 275 nm. Quantification is performed against a multi-point external calibration curve prepared from a certified CoQ10 (ubiquinone) reference standard. System suitability and quality control standards are run concurrently to confirm method accuracy and precision, and all sample preparation steps are performed with minimal light exposure to prevent photodegradation.

CoQ10 is a high-value ingredient that commands a significant price premium, making it one of the more commonly underdosed actives in the supplement industry. HPLC with UV or electrochemical detection provides the sensitivity and specificity needed to accurately quantify CoQ10 in complex lipid-rich matrices, distinguishing it from structurally related ubiquinol and other fat-soluble co-extractives. Rigorous potency testing is essential for label claim compliance, raw material qualification, and consumer trust in cardiovascular and energy support formulations under 21 CFR 111.

This test quantifies cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) — a naturally occurring adenosine analog and the principal bioactive nucleoside constituent of Cordyceps militaris — in raw materials, fungal extracts, and dietary supplements using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Cordycepin is one of the most pharmacologically significant compounds in the Cordyceps genus, with a growing body of research supporting its roles in energy metabolism, immune modulation, anti-inflammatory activity, and cellular health. It is used as a key potency marker to differentiate high-quality C. militaris extracts from Cordyceps sinensis and mycelium-based products, which typically contain little to no cordycepin. Accurate quantification is essential for label claim substantiation and for confirming the quality and authenticity of Cordyceps raw materials. Results are reported as a percentage or in milligrams per gram or per serving.

A representative sample is accurately weighed and extracted using an appropriate aqueous solvent system (e.g., water or aqueous methanol) to ensure complete dissolution of cordycepin and related nucleosides. The extract is filtered and analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC on a C18 column with UV detection at 260 nm, the characteristic absorption maximum of the adenine nucleobase chromophore shared by cordycepin and adenosine. Quantification is performed against a multi-point external calibration curve prepared from a certified cordycepin reference standard. Where applicable, related nucleosides — including adenosine and cordycepic acid (D-mannitol) — may be monitored simultaneously to provide a broader nucleoside profile and confirm the characteristic Cordyceps composition. Quality control samples are run concurrently to confirm method accuracy, precision, and linearity throughout the analytical run.

Cordycepin's adenine nucleobase chromophore provides strong UV absorption at 260 nm, making HPLC with UV detection a sensitive and specific method for its quantification without the need for derivatization. Chromatographic separation on a C18 column resolves cordycepin from adenosine and other co-occurring nucleosides based on differences in hydrophobicity, ensuring that potency results reflect cordycepin content specifically. This distinction is analytically critical, as cordycepin and adenosine differ by only a single hydroxyl group at the 3' position of the ribose sugar and cannot be distinguished by UV spectrophotometry alone. The method supports raw material qualification, label claim substantiation, and cGMP compliance under 21 CFR 111.

This test confirms the botanical identity of Cordyceps sinensis mushroom in raw materials and finished products using High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). The characteristic nucleoside fingerprint — including adenosine and cordycepin — of the sample is compared against a certified Cordyceps sinensis reference standard to confirm species authenticity and detect substitution with Cordyceps militaris, mycelium-on-grain products, or unrelated fungal materials. Results are reported as confirmed identity or non-conforming.

A representative sample is extracted using methanol-water and applied alongside a certified Cordyceps sinensis reference standard onto an HPTLC silica gel plate. The plate is developed in a validated solvent system, examined under UV at 254 nm and 366 nm, and the fingerprint is compared visually and by densitometric scanning to the reference standard in terms of Rf values, band positions, and fluorescence profile.

Cordyceps is one of the most adulterated mushroom ingredients in the supplement market, with mycelium-on-grain products and Cordyceps militaris frequently substituted for true Cordyceps sinensis fruiting body. HPTLC identity testing provides a practical and defensible method for confirming species authenticity, supporting supplier qualification and cGMP compliance under 21 CFR 111.

This assay confirms the presence of corn (Zea mays) using DNA-based identification through PCR. It is used to verify botanical origin in raw ingredients, detect adulteration, and ensure accurate labeling for corn-derived or corn-free products.

DNA is extracted from the sample and amplified using corn-specific primers. PCR amplification confirms the presence of Zea mays DNA, with results determined through endpoint or real-time PCR. Positive and negative controls are used to ensure assay validity.

Results are reported as Detected / Not Detected. This method is suitable for confirming the botanical identity of corn in complex matrices, extracts, or raw material powders.

This test detects and quantifies coumarin in dietary supplements, botanical extracts, and food products — particularly cinnamon-containing ingredients — using Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Coumarin occurs naturally at high levels in Cassia cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) and is subject to regulatory limits in the EU and other jurisdictions due to its potential hepatotoxic effects at elevated intake. This test supports compliance screening, raw material qualification, and safety assessment for cinnamon-based and coumarin-containing products. Results are reported in mg/kg (ppm).

A representative sample is homogenized and extracted using a methanol-water or acetonitrile-water solvent system with sonication. The clarified extract is filtered and injected onto a reversed-phase C18 HPLC column coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in positive ionization Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode. Specific precursor-to-product ion transitions characteristic of coumarin are monitored for quantification and identity confirmation. Quantification is performed against a multi-point calibration curve prepared from a certified coumarin reference standard, with a stable isotope-labeled internal standard used to correct for matrix effects and ensure accurate recovery across botanical matrices.

Coumarin is a naturally occurring compound in Cassia cinnamon at levels that can exceed the EU tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.1 mg/kg body weight with regular consumption, making it a regulatory concern for cinnamon-based supplements and functional foods. LC-MS/MS provides the sensitivity and specificity required to quantify coumarin at the low ppm levels relevant to regulatory limits, distinguishing it from co-present coumarins and matrix components that may interfere with simpler HPLC-UV methods.

This test confirms the botanical identity of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) in raw materials, extracts, and finished products using High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). The characteristic polyphenolic fingerprint of the sample — including anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and flavonols specific to Vaccinium macrocarpon — is compared against a certified cranberry reference standard to confirm species authenticity and detect substitution with other Vaccinium species, grape skin extracts, or synthetic colorants used to mimic cranberry's characteristic profile. Results are reported as confirmed identity or non-conforming.

A representative sample is extracted using aqueous methanol or acidified ethanol and applied alongside a certified Vaccinium macrocarpon reference standard onto an HPTLC silica gel plate. The plate is developed in a validated solvent system and examined under UV at 254 nm and 366 nm, and optionally derivatized with a suitable spray reagent such as Natural Products Reagent A (NP/PEG) to enhance visualization of the flavonoid and anthocyanin bands. The resulting fingerprint is compared visually and by densitometric scanning to the reference standard in terms of Rf values, band positions, and fluorescence profile.

Cranberry is a high-demand botanical ingredient that is frequently adulterated with lower-cost fruit extracts — including grape, elderberry, and bilberry — or diluted with non-specific polyphenol sources that lack the A-type proanthocyanidins characteristic of genuine Vaccinium macrocarpon. HPTLC identity testing based on the cranberry polyphenolic fingerprint provides a rapid and defensible species confirmation, supporting supplier qualification, consumer safety, and cGMP compliance under 21 CFR 111.

This assay quantifies a full panel of creatine-related compounds to confirm potency, and identity. It includes analysis of Creatine Monohydrate, Creatine, Creatinine, Dicyandiamide, and Creatine Nitrate, providing a comprehensive profile for raw materials and finished supplements.

The sample is weighed and dissolved following USP guidelines. Using either HPLC or titrimetric analysis, creatine is quantified by comparing the sample response to a certified reference standard. Moisture content is corrected for, and duplicate analyses along with system suitability tests are performed to ensure accuracy.

Results are expressed as a percentage (on a dried basis) or in mg per serving. Values within the USP-specified range indicate that the product meets purity and dosage requirements, while deviations may signal formulation or processing issues.

This assay quantifies a full panel of creatine-related compounds to confirm potency, and identity. It includes analysis of Creatine Monohydrate, Creatine, and Creatine Nitrate, providing a comprehensive profile for raw materials and finished supplements.

The sample is weighed and dissolved following USP guidelines. Using HPLC analysis, creatine is quantified by comparing the sample response to a certified reference standard. Moisture content is corrected for, and duplicate analyses along with system suitability tests are performed to ensure accuracy.

Results are expressed as a percentage (on a dried basis) or in mg per serving. Values within the USP-specified range indicate that the product meets purity and dosage requirements, while deviations may signal formulation or processing issues.